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Since the 1970s, multiculturalism as a philosophy of governance has guided policy practice on cultural diversity issues in a number of countries and regions. However, since the 21st century, as the international environment has changed and social conflicts have escalated, multiculturalism has been challenged from many different aspects, including the escalating conflicts among religions, ethnic groups and communities on the one hand, and the suppression of individuals with opposing positions within religions, ethnic groups and communities on the other hand, which has led to a wave of demands for rethinking multiculturalism. Then, against the backdrop of cultural diversity becoming a global reality, how to properly manage the relationship between different cultures and ethnic groups, promote the construction of (immigration) integration policies and welfare state institutions, legally and politically achieve tolerance and integration of cultural diversity, properly govern immigration and national borders, recognize and respect cultural and religious differences have become important issues to be considered by academics, politicians, and other sectors of society, and a major challenge for the 21st century. Only in this way can we truly promote integration, advance equality, support and recognize group differences, and strengthen the foundations of social cohesion and social life.